function(x=c(8 , 26 , -7 , -1 , 2 , 9 , 0 , -4 , 13 , 3 , 3 , 4), y=c(14 , 18 , 2 , 4 , -5 , 14 , -3 , -1 , 1 , 6 , 3 , 3),Nsim=10000){ N=length(x) dyx=y-x ; adyx=abs(dyx) signyx=rep(0,length(dyx)) ; signyx[dyx>0]=1;signyx[dyx<0]=-1 rd=rank(adyx)*signyx Vstar=sum(rd[rd>0]) rdr=abs(rd[signyx!=0]) ; Nr=length(rdr) Vvec=NULL for(i in 1:Nsim){ signyxr=rbinom(Nr,1,.5)*2-1 Vvec[i]=sum(rdr[signyxr>0]) } pval.sim=mean(Vvec>=Vstar) pval.sim }